Ngokwezibalo zokudla okunempilo okwenziwe nge-Ganoderma lucidum impahla eluhlaza, imikhiqizo eyenziwe nge-Ganoderma lucidum fruit body yayihlobene nemisebenzi yokunakekelwa kwezempilo engu-20 ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yokunakekelwa kwezempilo engu-7 efana nokukhulula ukukhathala okubukwayo, phakathi kwayo u-66.8% wemikhiqizo emenyezelwe ukuthi iyasebenza, futhi u-29% wemikhiqizo umemezele imisebenzi emibili ngesikhathi esifanayo. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo ye-Ganoderma spore powder impahla eluhlaza, i-91% yemikhiqizo emenyezelwe ukuthi iyasebenza kwakuwukuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki, kanti ama-24% emikhiqizo amemezele imisebenzi emibili; Phakathi kwemikhiqizo kawoyela we-Ganoderma lucidum spore njengento eluhlaza, ama-92% emikhiqizo okumenyezelwe ukuthi iyasebenza kwakuwukuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki, futhi imikhiqizo yamemezela ukuthi imisebenzi emibili ibalelwa ku-10% wemikhiqizo enjalo; Phakathi kwemikhiqizo ene-Ganoderma lucidum mycelium njengento eluhlaza, ama-68% emikhiqizo amenyezelwe ukuthi asebenza ukuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki, futhi imikhiqizo imemezele ukuthi imisebenzi emibili ibalelwa ku-43% wemikhiqizo enjalo. Konke ukudla kwezempilo kohlobo lwe-Ganoderma kuyisinqumo sokuqala sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba.
Ngokwefomu lomthamo, i-capsule eqinile isetshenziswa kakhulu phakathi kwamafomu omthamo wokudla wezempilo nge-Ganoderma lucidum njengento eluhlaza, elandelwa yi-capsule ethambile kanye nethebhulethi. Ngokomlando wokusetshenziswa nezici zempahla eluhlaza, ama-72% emikhiqizo yempushana asebenzisa i-Ganoderma spore powder, ama-95% emikhiqizo yewayini asebenzisa i-Ganoderma spore body, ama-98% wemikhiqizo yetiye asebenzisa i-Ganoderma spore body; Amafomu omthamo asetshenziswayo aqukethwe ku-Pharmacopoeia yase-People's Republic of China, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwamafomu omthamo kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemithamo yemikhiqizo yokudla yezempilo.
1. Sisonke isimo sokudla kwezempilo okuqukethe izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-Ganoderma lucidum
I-Ganoderma Lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Evela ku-Pharmacopoeia yase-People's Republic of China i-Ganoderma lucidum eyinhloko, ilandelwa u-G. Sinenes Zhao kanye no-Xu et Zhang. I-Pine ne-fir I-Ganoderma lucidum ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa ekudleni okunempilo. Ngokuhlukile endleleni yokuhlola ukusebenza kwezidakamizwa, ukuphepha kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziswa ekudleni okunempilo kuvamise ukuba phezulu. Njengamanje, umsebenzi wezempilo oceliwe udinga ukuhlolwa okuqokiwe kwezilwane nabantu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwawo. Kuhlanganiswe nocwaningo lwezincwadi zesimanje, ukusebenza kahle kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ze-Ganoderma lucidum kuya kucaca nakakhulu.
2. I-Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body (kanye nokukhishwa)
Izingxenye eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo emzimbeni wesithelo we-Ganoderma lucidum yi-polysaccharides, i-triterpenoids, i-nucleic acid, i-furan nezinye izakhi. I-Ganoderma lucidum fruit body polysaccharides inezinhlobo eziningi nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zezakhiwo ze-polysaccharide ezibikiwe, okuhlanganisa ama-heterosaccharides, i-glucan, njll. Ama-monosaccharides emizimbeni ethela izithelo akhiwa ikakhulukazi i-glucose, i-mannose, i-xylose, i-galactose, njll., futhi izibopho ze-glycosidic phakathi kwama-monosaccharides zihlanganisa (1→3) kanye (1→6). Ama-polysaccharides amaningi e-Ganoderma lucidum anamagatsha, kanti amanye aqukethe amaprotheni noma izingcezu ze-polypeptide ukwakha i-glycoprotein noma isakhiwo se-proteoglycan. Isisindo samangqamuzana esihlobene sokwakheka kwe-monosaccharide nesisindo singaba inkomba esebenzayo yokulawula ikhwalithi ye-polysaccharide ye-Ganoderma lucidum extract. I-polysaccharide ye-Ganoderma lucidum ine-immunomodulatory, i-anti{12}}oxidation, i-anti{13}}imisebe ye-ionizing nokunye. Imibhalo ibonisa ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokukhishwa kwe-Ganoderma polysaccharide lingatholwa ngokukhipha amanzi ashisayo, i-ultrasonic crushing kanye ne-microwave{15}}esizwayo. Ekudleni kwezempilo okugunyaziwe, izinga lokukhishwa kwe-Ganoderma polysaccharide nalo liphezulu. Ngokombono wokulawula ikhwalithi, nakuba ezinye izingxenye zamakhemikhali nokuqukethwe kwemizimba yezithelo ye-Ganoderma lucidum evela ezindaweni ezikhiqizayo ezahlukene kuhlukile, okuqukethwe{18}}kuma-polysaccharide aluhlaza ancibilikayo kuzinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ganoderma lucidum iqukethe inhlanganisela ye-triterpenoid, ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali kuyinkimbinkimbi, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezitholwe, okwamanje, izinhlanganisela ze-triterpenoid ezaziwayo zine-antioxidant, i-immune regulation,-anti tumor kanye neminye imisebenzi. Ukudla kwezempilo okugunyaziwe okuqukethe i-Ganoderma lucidum yesithelo sezinto ezingavuthiwe ngokuvamile zisebenzisa "i-polysaccharide" noma "i-triterpene ne-sterol" njengezingxenye zesiginesha, kodwa izindlela zabo zokuthola indlela ye-spectrophotometric, ukucaciswa kuphansi, phakathi kwazo ama-polysaccharides alula ukuthi athintwe ezinye izinto ezisizayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono wokuqondisa nokuphatha, kuthenjwa futhi ukuthi abafake izicelo esikhathini esizayo bangakwazi ukulawula kangcono ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngokusebenzisa izinkomba ezithile zokuhlola.
3. I-Ganoderma spore powder
I-Ganoderma lucidum spore i-Ganoderma lucidum ikhula isikhathi sokuvuthwa ukuze idubule i-spore encane kakhulu kusuka ku-fungus cap, iyingqamuzana yokuzala ye-ganoderma lucidum, inazo zonke izakhi zofuzo ezisebenzayo ze-Ganoderma lucidum. Ngawo-1990, izifundo eziningi ezifanele zenziwa. Ama-polysaccharides, ama-triterpenes, amaprotheni nezinye izinto kwakuyizingxenye eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo ku-Ganoderma spore powder, kanti ama-polysaccharides nama-triterpenes nawo ayeyizingxenye eziyinhloko ekudleni kwezempilo okugunyaziwe. I-Ganoderma spore powder polysaccharide yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-rhamnose, i-arabinose, i-mannose, i-glucose ne-galactose, futhi ikakhulukazi ikhona ngendlela ye-proteoglycan, phakathi kwayo u-30% ~ 60% uyi-polysaccharide futhi u-20% ~ 30% uyiprotheni, okuyingxenye eyinhloko ye-Ganoder powder. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ama-polysaccharides avela ku-Ganoderma lucidum spore powder angase ahluke ekubunjweni nasekwakheni kusuka kuma-polysaccharides omzimba wezithelo ezilinganayo. Ukuze kukhululwe ezinye izingxenye ezisebenzayo kalula, okuqukethwe kwe-triterpenoid,{10}}ama-polysaccharide ancibilikayo namafutha angcolile ku-Ganoderma lucidum spore powder ephukile bekuphakeme kakhulu kunalezo eziku-Ganoderma lucidum spore powder engaphukile ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuphuka kodonga. Ngokwezibalo zefomula kanye nenqubo yemikhiqizo egunyaziwe equkethe i-Ganoderma spore powder, ngaphezu kwe-95% yemikhiqizo nayo isetshenziswe ngokuqondile i-Ganoderma spore powder ephukile noma emikhiqizweni ye-Ganoderma spore powder ephukile, kodwa uma ingalondolozwe kahle ngemva kodonga oluphukile, inani elikhulu lama-acids angama-unsaturated aqukethwe ku-oxidation kanye ne-rancidity; Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo empilweni yeshalofu yezinto ezilawulekayo, ngokuvamile inezidingo eziphakeme zokuxhumana okuqondile nezinto zokupakisha zempahla eluhlaza. Iningi lemikhiqizo egunyaziwe ayiphindi{14}ikhiphe futhi icubungule i-Ganoderma spore powder ephukile.
4. Amafutha e-Ganoderma spore
Kusukela ngo-2006, uwoyela we-Ganoderma spore ugunyazwe njengento eluhlaza yokudla okunempilo. Uwoyela we-Ganoderma lucidum spore ungamafutha{2}}ofana nokukhishwa okutholakala ku-ganoderma lucidum spore powder ephukile ngokukhipha i-CO2 ebaluleke kakhulu, i-Soxhlet extract kanye ne-hydroenzymatic extraction. Iqukethe izakhi eziningi ezisebenzayo, njenge-triterpenoid Ganoderma acid kanye ne-unsaturated fatty acid. Kodwa-ke, uwoyela we-Ganoderma lucidum spore awuqukethe cishe izingxenye ze-antioxidant futhi kulula uku-oxidize futhi ucwebezelise emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Inani layo le-asidi kanye nenani leperoxide liyashintsha kakhulu lapho ligcinwe isikhathi eside. Umsebenzi oyinhloko ovunyelwe wemikhiqizo kawoyela we-Ganoderma spore ukuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki, okuhambisana nezifundo zezincwadi ezikhona. Izithako zesiginesha zemikhiqizo equkethe le nto eluhlaza yonke i-Ganoderma triterpenes.
5. I-Ganoderma lucidum mycelium
I-Ganoderma lucidum mycelium yakhiwa ngezinhlamvu ze-ganoderma lucidum futhi iqukethe ama-triterpenoids, ama-polysaccharides, amaprotheni, ama-amino acid nezinye izingxenye. Kunemikhiqizo yokudla yezempilo engaphansi kwe-10 egunyaziwe esebenzisa i-mycelium, futhi umsebenzi wokunakekelwa kwezempilo ungowokuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki. Imikhiqizo eyinhlanganisela engaphezu kuka-30 ivunywa kakhulu ngaphambi kuka-2010, futhi cishe yonke imisebenzi yayo yokunakekelwa kwezempilo ithuthukisa ukungatheleleki. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ama-polysaccharides avela ku-ganoderma lucidum mycelium ayehluke kakhulu kuma-polysaccharides avela kumzimba wezithelo ze-ganoderma lucidum kanye ne-ganoderma lucidum spore powder ngokuphathelene nokuqukethwe kwe-polysaccharide, ukwakheka kwe-monosaccharide, isisindo samangqamuzana esihlobene, umsebenzi wokuzivikela omzimba kanye nomsebenzi we-antioxidant.
6. Ukuthuthukiswa kwekusasa lomuthi Wendabuko waseShayina ekunakekelweni kwezempilo ngokombono wokudla kwezempilo kwe-Ganoderma lucidum
Ukuhlaziywa okungenhla kanye nokufakwa kwamakhadi kokudla kwezempilo kwe-Ganoderma lucidum ngokuyisisekelo kumelela isimo esikhona sokudla kwezempilo okugunyazwe umuthi Wendabuko WaseShayina, okungukuthi, ngaphezu kokudla kwezempilo okuphekwe ngokubilisa nokucwengisiswa kwemithi yendabuko yamaShayina, kubuye kwenziwe kube ukudla okunempilo ngokuqala kwenziwe izingcaphuno zomuthi wendabuko wamaShayina ngokwesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje, bese kuhlanganiswa nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Kusukela ezimpahleni zomkhiqizo ezigunyaziwe, ukudla okuningi okunempilo kwemithi yamaShayina kusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokulungiselela, ukuze kube lula ukudla kanye nereferensi yokusebenzisa ifomu lomthamo endaweni yemithi yasePeople's Republic of China, njengemikhiqizo ye-Ganoderma lucidum yokulungiswa okuqinile (okuhlanganisa amaphilisi, amaphilisi, ama-granules, itiye, njll.) i-akhawunti yama-89.3% yenani eliphelele le-appleval yewayini, uketshezi oluphelele, uketshezi lokulungiselela, okuhlanganisa nenani eliphelele lewayini elihlanganisiwe yenza ngaphezu kuka-10.7%. Ngo-Okthoba 2019, uNobhala Jikelele u-Xi Jinping wenza iziyalezo ezibalulekile ngomsebenzi womuthi wezendabuko waseShayina. Umuthi wendabuko waseShayina uqukethe umqondo weminyaka eyinkulungwane wesizwe saseShayina{7}}wokulondolozwa kwezempilo kanye nolwazi olusebenzayo. Kuyingcebo yempucuko yaseShayina futhi ihlanganisa ukuhlakanipha okubanzi kwabantu baseShayina nesizwe. Ukuze sikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kokudla kwemithi yendabuko yamaShayina ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, singaqala kulezi zici ezilandelayo.
7. Gqugquzela ukukhishwa kohlu lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo zokudla okunempilo
Ngo-Agasti 2019, abaphathi bezwe abaqondisa izimakethe kanye nokuphatha bakhiphe "izinto ezingavuthiwe zokudla kwezempilo kanye nendlela yokuphatha uhla lwemibhalo" (ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa ngokuthi "indlela"), ukusheshisa ikhathalogi yezinto ezingavuthiwe zokudla kwezempilo (okuzobizwa kamuva njengekhathalogi yezinto ezingavuthiwe) kanye nomsebenzi wekhathalogi yemikhiqizo yokudla yezempilo (ngemuva kwalokhu ebizwa ngokuthi ikhathalogi yokuphatha inikeza ukwesekwa okusemthethweni kwekhathalogi. Kufakwe kukhathalogi yezinto ezingavuthiwe zinemisebenzi ethile yezempilo yezinto ezingavuthiwe, umthamo kanye nesixuku esifanele, ibhizinisi lokukhiqiza ukudla kwezempilo lingakwazi ngokuphatha ukugcwalisa lizohambisana nezidingo zomkhiqizo ezisohlwini ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngo-2018, ukuphathwa kombuso kokuqondisa kwemakethe kanye nokuphathwa kwesikhungo sokubuyekezwa kokudla ekuqhubekeleni phambili kocwaningo lwamabhidi ngesisekelo sodonga oluphukile futhi ekuvuthweni kuhlu lwezinto ezingavuthiwe kuphela esikhathini esizayo, i-Ganoderma spore powder ephukile izoqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukiswa okunempilo komkhakha ngemuva kokufakwa kuhlu ku-Raw Material Catalogue futhi ibhalwe phansi. Ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-TCM eyodwa ezivuthwa ezifundweni ezedlule, ukuba nokwenzeka kokuzifaka ohlwini lwe-Raw Material kuzocutshungulwa ngokuya ngesimo sangempela semikhiqizo egunyaziwe (okuhlanganisa nefomu lomthamo, umsebenzi wezempilo, inani elisetshenziswayo nesimo sokusetshenziswa sabantu, njll.). Esinyathelweni esilandelayo, kuhlanganiswe nesimo samanje socwaningo lomuthi wezendabuko wamaShayina, singahlola ucwaningo olunokwenzeka ekufakweni kwezinhlanganisela ze-API yemithi yendabuko yamaShayina ku-Raw Material Catalogue, isibonelo, ucwaningo lwamapheya ezidakamizwa nezinhlanganisela ezivame ukusetshenziswa ku-Ganoderma lucidum ngokubaluleka kwezibalo.
8. Thuthukisa ukukhishwa kwezici ezintsha zezempilo
Umsebenzi wokudla kwezempilo okugunyaziwe usekelwe ekudleni kwesimanjemanje, i-pharmacology kanye nemithi yokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwemithi yendabuko yamaShayina kuphinde kulandele indlela yokuhlola umsebenzi wezempilo eshicilelwe futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi kunomsebenzi wezempilo ngokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa komsebenzi wesimanje. Okwamanje, awukho umkhiqizo ofaka isicelo sencazelo yokusebenza yokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwe-TCM. Ezinyathelweni ezisanda kukhishwa, imisebenzi yokunakekelwa kwezempilo efakwe ku-Function Catalogue ichazwa ngokucacile ngokuthi "imisebenzi yokunakekelwa kwezempilo eqondiswa imfundiso yendabuko yokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ehambisana nethiyori yokunakekelwa kwezempilo yendabuko yamaShayina". Lesi sihloko sivula indlela entsha yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yokudla kokunakekelwa kwezempilo kwe-TCM okunezici ze-TCM. Thatha i-Ganoderma lucidum njengesibonelo. Ukusebenza kwe-Ganoderma lucidum ebhalwe ku-Pharmacopoeia ye-People's Republic of China "ivuselela imimoya ye-qi nepholile, ekhulula ukukhwehlela futhi ikhulule isifuba somoya". Imisebenzi yokunakekelwa kwezempilo egunyazwe manje ithuthukisa kakhulu ukuzivikela komzimba futhi ithuthukise ukulala.
