I-NAD+ vs NMN: Iyiphi i-NAD Booster Engcono Ezakhiweni Zokusekela Ukudla?

Emaqenjini okwakhiwa kwe-B2B kanye nabaphathi bokuthenga abathuthukisa{1}}isizukulwane esilandelayo semikhiqizo yokuphila isikhathi eside, umbuzo ovelayo owokuthi kwenziwa yini nge-coenzyme esebenzayo.NAD⁺noma umanduleli wayo oqondile we-NMN. Nakuba womabili ama-molecule eyingxenye yengxoxo ye-NAD⁺ yemetabolism, asebenza izindima ezihluke kakhulu kubhayoloji yamaselula{1}}futhi lo mehluko unemithelela eqondile yesu lokuqamba, ukutholakala kwe-bioavailability, nokusebenza komkhiqizo ophelile.

I-NAD⁺ (i-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) iyi-coenzyme esebenzayo amangqamuzana empeleni ayisebenzisela amandla e-metabolism, ukulungisa i-DNA, kanye nokwenza kusebenze i-sirtuin. I-NMN (i-nicotinamide mononucleotide) iyi-molecule eyandulelayo umzimba oyiguqulela ku-NAD⁺. Umbuzo obalulekile wabathengi be-B2B awukona ukuthi iyiphi i-molecule "engcono," kodwa isiphi isithako esisebenza kakhulu futhi sibiza{3}}esisebenza kahle ekungezeni ngomlomo.

 

 

 

• I-NAD⁺ iyi-coenzyme esebenzayo; I-NMN iyisandulela umzimba esiguqulela ku-NAD⁺.
• I-NAD⁺ elawulwa ngomlomo yonakaliswa ngokushesha ngama-enzyme e-extracellular ngaphambi kokuba ukumuncwa kwamathumbu okusebenzayo kwenzeke, okwenza amafomu ezandulela asebenziseke kakhulu ekungezeni ngomlomo.
• I-NMN ikhonjiswe ezivivinyweni eziningi zabantu ukukhulisa ngokuphephile nangempumelelo amazinga e-NAD⁺ egazi.
• Amafomu e-Liposomal NMN aklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwesithako futhi angase athuthukise i-bioavailability yomlomo uma kuqhathaniswa ne-NMN evamile, nakuba ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe komtholampilo kusadingeka.
• Ngokombono wokuthengwa kwempahla, i-NMN iyisinqumo esisebenzisekayo sokwakheka ngomlomo; I-NAD⁺ eqondile ifaneleka kangcono kumasistimu okulethwa emithanjeni noma akhethekile. Ngobaimpushana ye-NMN eningiukuthola, amathimba okuthenga kufanele abeke phambili abahlinzeki ngemibhalo yokuhlaziya eqinisekisiwe kanye nenqwaba-ukuze{1}}ukuvumelana kwenqwaba.

 

 

I-NAD⁺ iyi-coenzyme etholakala kuwo wonke amangqamuzana aphilayo, ebalulekile ekuguquleni izakhi zibe amandla, ukulawula izinqubo zamaselula, kanye nokwenza kusebenze amaprotheni ahilelekile ekulungiseni i-DNA kanye nokuphendula kwengcindezi. Njengoba sikhula, amazinga e-NAD⁺ ehla ngokwemvelo, okunikela ekwehliseni ukusebenza kahle kwamaselula kanye nezinkinga zezempilo ezihlobene-nobudala.

I-NMN iyi-nucleotide ye-bioactive etholakala kuvithamini B3 eyenzeka ngokwemvelo emzimbeni futhi itholakala ngamanani amancane ekudleni okufana ne-broccoli, i-edamame, nama-avocados. I-NMN isebenza njengendawo ebalulekile emaphakathi ku-biosynthesis ye-NAD⁺. Umehluko obalulekile: I-NAD⁺ i-molecule esebenzayo amaseli akho ayisebenzisayo; I-NMN iyimpahla engasetshenzisiwe umzimba wakho oyiguqulela ku-NAD⁺.

Kungakho ukufakwa kwe-NAD⁺ okuqondile kubhekene nenselelo eyisisekelo: i-extracellular NAD⁺ yonakaliswa ngokushesha ama-ectoenzymes afana ne-CD38, ENPP1, ne-CD73 ngaphambi kokuthi ukumuncwa kahle kwamathumbu kwenzeke. Ukuvumelana kwesayensi kukhomba endleleni ehlukile{4}}yokusebenzisa izandulela amangqamuzana akwazi ukumunca futhi aziguqule.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu ekuthengeni: I-NAD⁺ eqondile ayisebenzi ekwakhiweni komlomo okujwayelekile. I-NMN iyisinqumo esisebenzayo sezithasiselo zomlomo eziklanyelwe ukuphakamisa amazinga e-NAD⁺. Ngemikhiqizo efuna aumkhiqizi we-liposomal NMNuzakwethu, ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe be-encapsulation kanye nedatha yokuzinza kubalulekile.

 

 

Kokubili i-NAD⁺ kanye ne-NMN zisebenza ngaphakathi kwendlela yokuhlenga ye-NAD⁺, kodwa ingena le ndlela ezindaweni ezihlukene-kumehluko onomthelela ekucutshungulweni kwe-metabolic nokusebenza ngempumelelo.

I-NAD⁺ isiphetho sendlela. Isetshenziswa ama-enzyme anjenge-sirtuins, i-PARPs, ne-CD38 phakathi nezinqubo zamaselula, bese ihlukaniswa ibe i-nicotinamide (NAM), ephinde igaywe kabusha ibuyiselwe ku-NAD⁺ ngendlela yokusindisa. Ukwengeza nge-NAD⁺ ngokuqondile kuzodlula le nqubo yokugaywa kabusha, kodwa ukuwohloka kwe-molecule ye-extracellular kanye nokungabibikho kahle komlomo kwe-bioavailability kwenza le ndlela ingasebenzi.

I-NMN ingena endleleni yokuhlenga isinyathelo esisodwa ngaphambi kwe-NAD⁺. Iguqulelwa ku-NAD⁺ ngesinyathelo esisodwa se-enzymatic nge-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase (NMNAT). Olunye ucwaningo luye lwaphakamisa ukuthi i-Slc12a8 ingase ibambe iqhaza ekuthuthweni kwe-NMN ezicutshini ezithile, nakuba indima yayo yokuphila komzimba isaphenywa.

Ucwaningo lwango-2026 olushicilelwe kuI-Metabolism Yemvelokuqhathaniswe ama-booster amathathu e-NAD⁺-NAM, NR, ne-NMN-kubahlanganyeli abanempilo enhle abangu-65 phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-14. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi kokubili i-NR ne-NMN ngokuqhathaniswa kukhuphule ukugxila kwe-circulatory NAD⁺ kubantu abadala abanempilo, kuyilapho i-NAM ayizange. Ucwaningo luphakamise ukuthi-izindlela ze-metabolic ezincike emathunjini zifaka isandla ekukhuphukeni kwe-NAD⁺ yokujikeleza kwegazi kulandela ukwesekwa kwe-NR ne-NMN. Lokhu okutholakele kusekela futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-NMN njengobufakazi{8}obusekelwe ku-NAD⁺ yisandulela sokwakheka kwezithasiselo zomlomo.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu kubaqulunqi:I-NMN iyisandulela-esaziwa kahle nge-NAD⁺ enobufakazi bomtholampilo bokusebenza ngempumelelo kubantu. I-NAD⁺, ngenkathi isebenza ngokwebhayoloji, ayikulungele ukulethwa komlomo okujwayelekile.

 

 

I-Bioavailability iwumahluko obalulekile phakathi kwalezi zithako ezimbili-futhi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi i-NMN ibe inketho ekhethwayo yokwakheka komlomo.

Oral NAD⁺ikhombisa ukungatholakali kahle kwamathumbu emathunjini ngenxa yokuwohloka ngokushesha ngama-enzyme angaphandle kwamaseli. I-Extracellular NAD⁺ ihlukaniswa ngama-ectoenzymes njenge-CD38, ENPP1, ne-CD73 ngaphambi kokuthi imunceke kahle. I-NAD⁺ eminingi yomlomo yonakaliswa ngaphambi kokuthi ifinyelele ekujikelezeni kwesistimu, okuyenza ingasebenzi ekukhuphuleni amazinga e-NAD⁺ yamaselula. Ukwengezwa okuqondile kwe-NAD⁺ ngokuvamile kukhawulelwe ekuphathweni nge-intravenous.

I-NMN evamileimuncwa ngomlomo futhi ikhonjiswe ezifundweni zabantu eziningi ukukhulisa amazinga e-NAD⁺ egazi. Ngo-2026I-Metabolism YemveloUcwaningo lubonise ukuthi izinsuku ezingu-14 zokwengezwa kwe-NMN ngokuqhathaniswa kwandisa ukugxila kwe-circulatory NAD⁺ kubantu abadala abanempilo. Isivivinyo esingu-12-esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe, esiphindwe kabili{4}}esingaboni, ne-placebo{6}}kubantu abadala abangu-36 abanempilo ephakathi nendawo sibonise ukuthi i-NMN supplementation (250 mg) yansuku zonke yayiphephile, ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi ebonwayo.

I-Liposomal NMNimele indlela yokulethwa ethuthukisiwe. Ngokufaka i-NMN ngaphakathi kwama-bilayers e-phospholipid, ukwakheka kwe-liposomal kuvikela i-NMN ekonakalisweni futhi kungase kusize ukutholwa kwamaselula. NgobaOEM NMNozakwethu, ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe be-liposomal encapsulation kanye nedatha yokuzinza kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza komkhiqizo oqediwe ngokungaguquki.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu ekuthengeni:I-NMN evamile inikeza indlela engokoqobo,{0}esekelwe yobufakazi bokuphakama kwe-NAD⁺. I-Liposomal NMN inikeza amandla okumunca athuthukisiwe, nakuba ngezindleko eziphakeme. I-Direct NAD⁺ akuyona inketho esebenzayo yezithasiselo zomlomo.

 

 

I-NMN iye yacutshungulwa ezivivinyweni eziningi zemitholampilo yabantu, ngobufakazi obukhulayo obusekela ukuphepha nokusebenza kwayo.

Izilingo zabantu ze-NMN:

• A 2026 I-Metabolism YemveloUcwaningo (abahlanganyeli be-65 abanempilo, izinsuku ezingu-14) luthole ukuthi i-NMN inyusa ngokulinganayo ukugxilisa kokujikeleza kwe-NAD⁺.
• Isivivinyo esingu-12-esingahleliwe, esiphindwe kabili{2}}esingaboni, ne-placebo{4}}kubantu abadala abanempilo emaphakathi abangu-36 sibonise ukuthi i-NMN supplementation (250 mg) yansuku zonke yayiphephile, ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi ebonwayo.
• Uhlolo oluncane oluvulekile-lwelebula lomtholampilo emadodeni ase-Japan anempilo emaphakathi ayi-11{2}}aneminyaka engu-125 mg NMN kabili ngosuku) luthole ukuthi i-NMN{4}}ibekezelelwe kahle futhi yathuthukiswa ngempumelelo i-NAD⁺ biosynthesis.
• Ucwaningo olungu-12-lwamaviki amabili{2}}oluyimpumputhe, olungahleliwe, olulawulwa yi-placebo kubantu abadala asebekhulile luthole ukuthi ukuthathwa kwe-NMN kwenyusa amazinga e-NAD⁺ egazi, kwagcina isivinini sokuhamba, kanye nekhwalithi yokulala ethuthukisiwe.

NAD⁺ ubufakazi bomuntu:

• Ukwengezwa okuqondile kwe-NAD⁺ kunobufakazi bomuntu obulinganiselwe ngenxa ye-bioavailability yomlomo engemihle.
• Ucwaningo oluningi nge-NAD⁺ lubandakanya izindlela zokulethwa kwe-intravenous noma nge-intranasal.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu ekuthengeni:I-NMN inomzimba oqinile nokhulayo wobufakazi bomtholampilo bomuntu obusekela ukuphepha nokusebenza kwayo. I-Direct NAD⁺ inedatha yomlomo elinganiselwe ye-bioavailability futhi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko kuzilungiselelo zomjovo.

 

 

Ngokombono wokuthenga, izindleko ziwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziya izindleko kufanele kubhekane nakho kokubili amanani entengo yezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokudosa okusebenzayo.

I-NAD⁺ ngokuvamile ayiyona inketho esebenzisekayo ekwakhiweni komlomo, ngakho ukuqhathanisa izindleko kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezifakwa emthanjeni.

Izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe ze-NMN ziyehluka kakhulu ngokuya ngobumsulwa, umphakeli, kanye nevolumu ye-oda. Impushana ye-NMN ehlanzekile{{1}ephezulu (Enkulu noma elingana no-98% noma ngaphezulu) ibiza i-premium ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bezinqubo zokukhiqiza. Kokubili i-NMN ne-NR kusungulwe izandulela ze-NAD⁺ ezinemigudu ehlukene ye-metabolic kanye nobufakazi bomtholampilo obukhulayo.

I-Liposomal NMN yengeza izindleko zokukhiqiza ezengeziwe ngenxa yezinto ezingavuthiwe ze-phospholipid, i-homogenization, nokulawula usayizi wezinhlayiyana-, kodwa ingase ivumele imithamo esebenzayo ephansi ngenxa yokumuncwa okuthuthukisiwe.

Okunye ukucatshangelwa kokuthengwa kwempahla kubandakanya isimo sokulawula, ukuthobela isifunda, ukuzinza kwempahla eluhlaza, indawo yelungelo lobunikazi, namandla okukhiqiza abahlinzeki.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu ekuthengeni:I-NMN iwukukhetha okusebenzayo kokwenziwa ngomlomo kwe-NAD⁺-ku-boosting. Inkokhelo yezindleko ze-liposomal NMN kufanele ihlolwe ngokuqhathaniswa nezinzuzo ezingaba khona zokusebenza kahle komthamo.

 

 

Isici	NAD⁺	I-NMN (Ejwayelekile)	I-NMN (Liposomal)
Indima yebhayoloji	I-coenzyme esebenzayo	Isandulela esiqondile	Isandulela esiqondile
I-Oral bioavailability	Impofu kakhulu (yehliswe ama-ectoenzymes)	Kuphakathi	Kuthuthukisiwe
Ubufakazi bomtholampilo	Okulinganiselwe (ngomlomo); IV ubufakazi bukhona	Umzimba okhulayo wezilingo zabantu	Idatha yomtholampilo evelayo
Ukusebenza kokwenza	Ayifanelekile ngomlomo	Ifanele amaphilisi, amaphilisi, izimpushana	Ifanele ukwakheka okuthuthukile
Izindleko (ngodosi ngamunye osebenzayo)	Akufaneleki	Kuphakathi	Phezulu
Amandla obufakazi	Inomkhawulo	Ukukhula	Abasafufusa
Ifaneleka kakhulu	IV/izilungiselelo zomtholampilo	Izithasiselo zomlomo,{0}}imigqa ebucayi ebizayo	Imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu,{0}yesayensi

 

 

 

Ingabe i-NAD⁺ ingcono kune-NMN?
I-NAD⁺ i-coenzyme esebenzayo esetshenziswa amaseli, kodwa ukungatholakali kwayo kahle ngomlomo kuyenza ingafaneleki ukwakheka kwesengezo okujwayelekile. I-NMN ikhonjiswe ezifundweni eziningi zomtholampilo ukuze kwandiswe amazinga e-NAD⁺ ajikelezayo kulandela ukwengezwa komlomo.

Ingabe i-NAD⁺ ingamuncwa ngomlomo?
I-NAD⁺ elawulwa ngomlomo yonakaliswa ngokushesha ngama-enzyme e-extracellular ngaphambi kokuthi ukumuncwa kahle kwamathumbu kwenzeke. Yingakho amafomu ezandulela njenge-NMN esebenza kakhulu ekungezeleni ngomlomo.

Ingabe i-liposomal NMN isebenza kangcono?
Ucwaningo lwangaphambili luphakamisa ukuthi i-liposomal NMN ingase ithuthukise ukuchayeka kwesistimu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-NMN evamile, nakuba ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe okulawulwa ngokungahleliwe kuyadingeka.

Yikuphi ukuhlanzeka okufanele abathengi bakucele?
Amathimba okuthengwa kwempahla kufanele acele i-NMN enobumsulwa obuKhulu noma obulingana no-98% obuqinisekiswe yi-HPLC, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwensimbi enzima, idatha yokuphepha ye-microbiological, kanye{1}}nenqwaba yezitifiketi zokuhlaziya.

Abakhiqizi kufanele bakhethe kanjani phakathi kwe-NMN ne-NR?
Kokubili i-NMN ne-NR kusungulwe izandulela ze-NAD⁺ ezinemigudu ehlukene ye-metabolic kanye nobufakazi bomtholampilo obukhulayo. Ukukhetha kuncike ezinhlosweni zokwakhiwa, ukucatshangelwa kwezindleko, kanye nokuma kwemakethe okuqondiwe. Ngobangobuningi NAD isandulelaukuthola, ukuhlola amakhono abahlinzeki kanye nemibhalo yokulawula kubalulekile.

 

 

Okwezithako zokudla okuphuzwayo, ubufakazi bamanje bomtholampilo buphakamisa ukuthi i-NMN iyisandulela se-NAD⁺ esisebenza kakhulu sokungezelelwa ngomlomo ngoba ingaguqulwa ngokuphumelelayo ibe yi-NAD⁺ ngemva kokumuncwa, kuyilapho i-NAD⁺ elawulwa ngomlomo yonakaliswa kakhulu ngaphambi kokufinyelela ekusakazweni kwesistimu. I-NMN ibonise ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo ezivivinyweni eziningi zomtholampilo zabantu, okuhlanganisa izifundo ezingahleliwe,{1}}ezingaboni kahle,{2}}ezilawulwa yi-placebo. I-Liposomal NMN ingase ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokulethwa kokwakheka kwe-premium, nakuba izifundo zomtholampilo ezinkulu ezengeziwe{4}}zisadingeka.

 

 

Kubaphathi bokuthengwa kwempahla be-B2B nabathuthukisi bomkhiqizo, ukukhetha phakathi kwe-NAD⁺ ne-NMN akuwona umbuzo wokuthi iyiphi i-molecule enamandla kakhulu{1}}kuwumbuzo wokuthi yisiphi isithako esisebenzayo, esisebenzayo{2}}, futhi sisekelwa ubufakazi bokwengezwa komlomo. I-NAD⁺ yi-coenzyme esebenzayo esetshenziswa amaseli, kodwa ukuwohloka kwayo ngokushesha ngama-enzyme angaphandle kweseli kuyenza ingafaneleki ukwakheka kwesengezo okujwayelekile. I-NMN iyisandulela esiqondile se-NAD⁺ , enobufakazi obukhulayo bomtholampilo womuntu, okuhlanganisa no-2026I-Metabolism Yemveloukufunda, ukusekela ukuphepha nokusebenza kwayo ekukhuphuleni amazinga e-NAD⁺ egazi. Kumabhrendi aqondise imakethe yezithasiselo zesikhathi eside, i-liposomal NMN inikeza amandla athuthukisiwe okutholakala kwe-bioavailability endaweni yezindleko eziphezulu. Ngokubambisana nomphakeli obonisa izinto ngendlela yobuchwepheshe ohlinzeka ngamadokhumenti okuhlaziya aqinisekisiwe, idatha yokuzinza, kanye{2}}nesitifiketi esiqondile senqwaba, abakhiqizi bangakhetha isu elifaneleka kakhulu le-NAD⁺ ngokusekelwe kumakethe yabo eqondiwe, izinjongo zokwakhiwa, nezimfuneko zokulawula.

 

Izinyathelo Ezilandelayo Zokwakhiwa Kwakho

Amaklayenti amaningi aqala ngenqwaba yokuhlola (100-500 g) ukuze aqinisekise ukuhlakazeka, ukuzinza, nokusebenza kokwakheka ku-matrix yawo ethile ngaphambi kokukalela ekukhiqizeni ezentengiso. I-COA eqondene neqoqo, idatha yosayizi wezinhlayiyana, kanye nezifundo zokuzinza kuyatholakala ukuze kusekelwe inqubo yokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wakho.

• [Cela inqwaba yamasampula empuphu ye-NMN kanye Nemibhalo Yezobuchwepheshe]- Hlola amamaki ethu empushana we-NMN (Amakhulu noma alingana nobumsulwa obungama-98%) noma ukwakheka kwe-liposomal NMN ku-matrix yakho.
• [Finyelela kumadokhumenti wezobuchwepheshe]- Buyekeza imibiko yokuhlola ye-HPLC, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana (i-DLS), ukuhlaziywa kwensimbi esindayo, nezifundo zokuzinza.
• [Xoxa ngokucaciswa ngokwezifiso]- Hlola ukugxila ngokwezifiso, izinketho ze-liposomal encapsulation, noma ukusekelwa kokwakhiwa.
• [Shejula ukubonisana kokwakhiwa]– Hlangana nethimba lethu le-R&D ukuze ubhekane nesu le-NAD⁺ langaphambili, i-bioavailability, noma{0}}izinselele ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza.

I-MOQ, isikhathi sokuhola, kanye nentengo yenqwaba kuyatholakala uma ucela. I-Wellgreen inikeza inqwaba-i-COA ethize, ukuhlaziya{2}}usayizi wezinhlayiyana, ukusekela ukwakheka, kanye nezinsizakalo ze-OEM/ODM kubakhiqizi bomhlaba wonke bezomsoco. Ukuze uthole ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe, ukubonisana nokuklama, namakhotheshini ayinqwaba, xhumana nethimba lethu lonjiniyela kuliu@wellgreenxa.com.

 

Izithenjwa

1. Umthelela ohlukile wama-booster amathathu ahlukene e-NAD+ ku-NAD ejikelezayo kanye ne-microbial metabolism kubantu.I-Metabolism Yemvelo, 2026, 8, 62-73. I-DOI: 10.1038/s42255-025-01421-8. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05517122.
2. Ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo-kwesikhathi eside se-nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on metabolism, sleep, kanye ne-NAD+ biosynthesis emadodeni ase-Japan anempilo,{2}}aphakathi{2}}CiNii Research, 2025. Vula-ilebula yokuhlolwa komtholampilo (abahlanganyeli abangu-11, 125 mg NMN kabili nsuku zonke).
3. Ukungeniswa -kwe-nicotinamide mononucleotide kukhuphule amazinga e-NAD egazi, kwagcina isivinini sokuhamba, kanye nekhwalithi yokulala ethuthukisiwe kubantu abadala.I-GeroScience, {{0}isonto eliphindwe kabili-ucwaningo olulawulwayo oluyimpumputhe, olungahleliwe, lwe-placebo{2}}.
4. 12-Isivivinyo esilawulwa ngokungahleliwe, esiphindwe kabili-esingaboni, ne-placebo{4}}kubantu abadala abangu-36 abanempilo emaphakathi: i-NMN yansuku zonke (250 mg) iphephile, ayinayo imiphumela emibi.J-Isiteji, 2026.
5. Grozio, A., et al. (2019). I-Slc12a8 iyi-nicotinamide mononucleotide transporter.I-Metabolism Yemvelo, 1, 47–57.
6. Schmidt, MS, & Brenner, C. (2019). Ukungabikho kobufakazi bokuthi i-Slc12a8 ifaka i-nicotinamide mononucleotide transporter.I-Metabolism Yemvelo, 1, 660-661.
7. I-Extracellular metabolism ye--nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( -NAD) kukholoni ye-murine.I-PubMed. Ukuguqulwa kwe-CD38 okulamula kwe-eNAD kuya ku-eADPR; I-ENPP1 yokucekelwa phansi kwe-eNAD ne-eADPR ibe yi-eAMP.