I-Ginsenosides iwuhlobo lwemikhiqizo yemvelo ye-glycosylated triterpenoid etholakala ku-ginseng Panax. I-Ginsenosides ine-antioxidant, {{1}eqeda ukuvuvukala,{2}}nemiphumela yokulwa ne-fibrosis kanye{3}}ne-tumor. Isenzo sekhemisi nendlela ye-ginsenosides ngokumelene ne-organ fibrosis yafingqwa ukuze kuhlinzekwe isisekelo sethiyori socwaningo mayelana{5}}ne-fibrosis yalezi zinhlanganisela.
Igama lezokwelapha elithi "fibrosis" lahlongozwa okokuqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Kuyisifo esingelapheki esibonakala ngokuqoqwa okungavamile noma ngokweqile kwamaprotheni e-matrix e-extracellular (ECM) ezicutshini nasezithweni ngesikhathi sokuphendula ukulimala nokulungiswa. I-ECM ayiyona nje i-scaffold enikeza ukuzinza kwezicubu, kodwa futhi ikhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukuzinza kwemvelo kwezicubu ezilawulwayo{3}} nokuphulukiswa kwamanxeba ngokuhlanganisa ama-cytokine amaningi nezici zokukhula. Kwezinye izimo i-fibrosis ingaba yinzuzo; Nokho, ezifweni eziningi i-fibrosis iyingozi. Idatha ibonisa ukuthi cishe u-45% wokufa okuhlobene{7}}nezifo kuhlobene ne-fibrosis. I-Fibrosis ithinta cishe zonke izitho zomzimba, ikakhulukazi izitho ezibalulekile njengesibindi, amaphaphu, inhliziyo nezinso. Ezinye izifo ezingelapheki, njengesifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo lwe-viral kanye ne-autoimmune hepatitis, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo, isifo senhliziyo, isifo samaphaphu idiopathic, i-scleroderma nomdlavuza, zihlobene eduze ne-fibrosis. I-China iyizwe elikhulu eline-hepatitis, okuyimbangela eyinhloko ye-fibrosis yesibindi. I-Liver fibrosis iyinqubo yokuphulukisa isilonda ebuyiseleka emuva ehloselwe ukugcina ubuqotho besitho, futhi iyinqubo eyinhloko ye-pathological esigabeni sokuqala se-cirrhosis. I-cirrhosis ekugcineni izoba ngumdlavuza wesibindi ngaphandle kokufakelwa kwesibindi. Idatha efanelekile ibonisa ukuthi izehlakalo zonyaka zokuqhubekela phambili kwesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B esingelapheki ukuya ku-cirrhosis ngu-2%-10%. I-China ibilokhu ibhekene nenkinga yokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwe-cirrhosis yesibindi, futhi maduze izobhekana nenkinga yokwelashwa kwe-pulmonary fibrosis. Okwamanje, ukuqubuka kwe-COVID{24}}19 e-China kulawulwa ngendlela ephumelelayo, kodwa ukwelashwa kokulandelela kuyinkinga ephuthumayo. I-Pulmonary fibrosis ingushintsho olubalulekile lwe-pathological ezigulini ezisesigabeni sokululama se-COVID-19. Uma i-etiology inganqanyulwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ukungenelela kusenesikhathi kwenziwa, amathuba okuguqulwa kwe-fibrosis makhulu. I-organ fibrosis yehlisa izinga lempilo yeziguli futhi ibeka engcupheni enkulu empilweni nempilo yomuntu. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucacisa i-pathogenesis ye-fibrosis nokuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezisebenzayo zokulwa ne-fibrosis.
I-Fibrosis inezigaba ezinhlanu zesici: ukulimala kwesitho, ukusebenza kwe-cell effect, ukuqina kokukhiqizwa kwe-ECM, ukufakwa okuguquguqukayo kwezicubu ezixhunyiwe kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwezicubu. Ukulimala kwezicubu kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqala kwe-fibrosis. Ngokuqhubeka kwalesi sifo, amafomu ezicubu ezingavamile futhi acekele phansi ukwakheka kwezitho zomzimba, ekugcineni kuholele ekungasebenzi kahle kwezitho kanye nokwehluleka. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwamamodeli we-fibrosis yezilwane luye lwaqinisekisa ukuthi umonakalo othile we-fibrotic uyabuyiseleka kwezinye izimo.
Ucwaningo olunzulu lwembule izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-fibrosis, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamaseli, izici, iziteshi zokubonisa izimpawu kanye nezakhi zofuzo. Phakathi kwazo, i-ECM deposition, -smooth Muscle Actin ({2}}SMA) expression, transforminggrowth factor- 1 (transforminggrowth factor- 1), TGF- 1 (TGF- 1) /Smads signing pathway iyithagethi eyaziwayo ye-organ fibrosis. Ngaphandle kwendlela evamile ye-fibrosis, isitho ngasinye sinempendulo ehlukile yokulimala, okuhlanganisa ukuvimbela impendulo yokuvuvukala, ukuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwe-epithelial tomesenchymal, i-EMT), ukuthuthukisa impendulo yokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwe-collagen, ukulawula inkulumo ye-cytokine nezinye izici zibonisa izici eziyingqayizivele ze-fibrosis. Ukusebenzisana kwalezi zindlela eziphumelelayo kuholela ekuqongeleleni okubanzi kwe-ECM, egcina ithatha indawo futhi ibhubhise izakhiwo zezitho zomzimba.
Okwamanje, izidakamizwa ezilwa{0}}ne-liver fibrosis eziqondiswe ezihlokweni ezihlobene zihlanganisa i-obeticholicacid, i-FXR agonist, i-peroxisome proliferator activated receptor /δ, PPAR /δ i-dual agonist Elafibranor (GFT505), i-cyclo{2}}I-Oxygenase (CYcoperoxygenase{bitor{3} i-Hydone Clinical in TG) kanye ne-TG . ukuhlolwa, futhi azikho izidakamizwa ezigunyaziwe okwamanje. Nakuba i-Fuzheng Huayu capsule iphumelele ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kwesigaba III e-United States, izingxenye zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi nalokho okuhlosiwe okungacacile akukagunyazwa njengemithi yomtholampilo ye-anti{5}}isibindi fibrosis. Njengamanje, kuphela i-pirfenidone (i-Pirfenidone) ne-Nidanib (i-Ninte danib/BIBF1120) egunyazwe ukusetshenziswa emtholampilo ekwelapheni i-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ithagethi ye-pirfenidone iwukudlala{9}indima ye-pulmonary fibrosis ngokwehlisa{10}}ukulawula i-TGF- kanye ne-collagen preexpression. I-Nidanib iyi-molecule encane ye-tyrosine kinase inhibitor eyenza ngokumelene ne-pulmonary fibrosis ngokuvimbela izindlela zokubonisa ezihilelekile ekuqhubekeleni phambili kwe-pulmonary fibrosis. Umuthi ovimbela{14}i-cardiac fibrosis i-Edaravone yehlisa i-myocardial fibrosis ngokwehlisa{15}}ukulawula i-TGF- 1/ i-SMad2/3, okwamanje eyi-antioxidant egunyaziwe kanye ne-free radical scavenger. Ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro kufakazele ukuthi i-Tranilast inomsebenzi othize we-anti-TGF - futhi inganciphisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-collagen ye-fibroblasts. Nakuba imishanguzo eminingi ye-anti{23}}renal fibrosis eqondiswe ku-TGF- ibikiwe, alukho ucwaningo lomtholampilo mayelana{25}}ne-renal fibrosis okwamanje. Ngakho-ke, kuyisidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola umkhiqizo wemvelo osebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nobuthi obuphansi.
I-Ginseng, okuyi-ginseng yomndeni we-acanthopanax, umuthi wendabuko waseShayina onomlando weminyaka engaphezu kuka-4000. I-Ginsenosides iyisigaba se-glycosylated triterpenoids etholakala ku-ginseng. Kuze kube manje, cishe ama-ginsenosides angu-180 akhonjwe ezinhlotsheni eziyi-17 ze-panax. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ama-ginsenosides angaphinda atholakale ku-ginseng yaseBrazil Pfaffia glomerate (Spreng)Pedersen, i-amaranth. Njengesithako esiyinhloko se-ginseng se-bioactive, ama-ginsenosides anezinzuzo ezehlukene zezempilo, okuhlanganisa i-hypoglycemic, i-antioxidant, i-antibacterial, i-anti{7}}i-platelet, i-anti{8}}isimila nokunye. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-ginsenosides ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, kodwa futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imithambo yegazi, ukuvikela isimiso senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi nokulawula umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba.
I-ginsenosides yemvelo ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo: (1) I-Oleanolic acid (i-oleanane pentacyclic triterpenoid ginsenosides) : I-Ginsenoside Ro; (2) I-Proto-ginsenediol (i-damarane uhlobo lwe-tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins) : I-Ginsenoside Ra1, i-Ra2, i-Ra3, i-Rb1, i-Rb2, i-Rb3, i-Rc, i-Rd, i-Rg3, i-Rh2, i-Rs1, i-Rs2, i-malonylginsenoside Rb1, i-Rh2 nosgin, i-Rb2, i-Rb2 R4, Panax quinquinide R1, 20(S) -ginsenoside Rg3, 20(R) -ginsenoside Rh2, 20(S) -ginsenoside Rh2, proto-ginsenediol, njll.; 3 -ginsenoside Rh1, notoginseng ginsenoside R1, pseudoginsenoside R11, Rp1, Rt1, Chikusetsusaponin ⅳ kanye ⅳ A, protoginseng triol, njll. Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ginsenosides zinemiphumela ehlukene.
