Ukwakheka nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo ye-hops hops kanye nezici ezithinta izinga lokusebenzisa ama-hops kanye nama-hops ekukhiqizeni ubhiya indima ebalulekile. Ukwengezwa kwe-Hop, isizinda, kanye nenqubo yakamuva yokukhipha i-supercritical.
Ama-hops aziwa ngokuthi ama-hops. I-Germany yaba yizwe lokuqala ukwengeza ama-hops emkhiqizweni kabhiya. Amahops ayizinto ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza ubhiya, ezinganikeza ubhiya ukunambitheka okubabayo okuqabulayo kanye ne-flavour eyingqayizivele, kungakhuthaza ukucaciswa kukabhiya kanye ne-wort, kuhambisana negwebu likabhiya, njengendlela yokulondoloza ubhiya. Ngakho-ke ama-hops abalulekile ekwenzeni ubhiya. Phakathi kwezakhi zamakhemikhali zama-hops, izingxenye eziyinhloko zokwenziwa kukabhiya i-hops resin, uwoyela wama-hops nama-polyphenols.
Ukwakheka kwamahops
1. I-Hop resin
Isithako esiyinhloko kuma-hops yi-hop resin, okuwumthombo omkhulu wokubaba. Ama-hop resins ahlukaniswe abe ama-resin aqinile kanye nama-resin athambile aphelele. Ama-resin athambile ahlukaniswe abe yi-alpha acid, i-molar acid ne-molar acid. Izinto ezibabayo ziyizinhlaka ezithambile, futhi izinhlaka eziqinile azibambi iqhaza ekwenzeni ubhiya.
1.1 i-alpha acid
{{0}i-asidi iyinkomba yekhwalithi ebaluleke kakhulu kuma-hops. Ayinawo ukunambitheka okubabayo ngokwayo, kodwa uma ibila, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-hetero{2}}asidi enokunambitheka okubabayo okunamandla nokuncibilika okungcono. Okokugcina, i-hetero- -i-asidi enikeza ubhiya ukunambitheka kwawo okubabayo. -ama-acids nama-iso -ama-acid anemiphumela elwa namagciwane kubhiya, avimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane ezindaweni eziphansi futhi abulale amagciwane ezindaweni eziphezulu.
1.2 beta acid
I-Beta-i-asidi, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-humarone, ayinambitheki ukubaba, ayifani, futhi ayincibiliki kahle emanzini, kodwa ama-oxide ayo anika ubhiya ukunambitheka okubabayo okunamandla.
2. Amafutha e-Hop
Amafutha e-Hop angumthombo oyinhloko wephunga le-hop. Amafutha e-Hop awuketshezi olunamafutha aphuzi oluguquguqukayo futhi olungancibiliki emanzini nasewort. Kunamaqembu amabili amakhulu ezakhi: ama-hydrocarbon kanye nomoya-mpilo-aqukethe izinhlanganisela. Ama-hydrocarbons anomphumela ongathandeki kuma-hops, kuyilapho umoya-mpilo uhlanzekile futhi umnandi.
Ama-Polyphenols adlala indima ebalulekile kubhiya. I-Phenols ku-hops i-4% -10% yendaba eyomile, ama-polyphenols anemiphumela eminingi ekukhiqizeni ubhiya, indima eyinhloko ukucacisa i-wort, i-wort ebilisiwe ngamaprotheni ukuze yakhe inkimbinkimbi, ikhuthaze ukuhlangana kwamaprotheni.
Ama-Polyphenols adlala indima embaxambili kwikhwalithi kabhiya. Okuqukethwe kwe-polyphenol ephezulu kungabangela kalula ukujula kombala, i-turbidity, imvula nezinye izenzakalo, ezithinta ukuzinza kwe-abiotic kabhiya. Uma okuqukethwe kukuncane kakhulu, ukunambitheka kukabhiya kulula kakhulu, okungalungile kukunambitheka kukabhiya.
Muva nje, into eku-hops ebizwa ngokuthi i-xanthohumol isidume kakhulu. U-Werner Barker, usosayensi e-Technical University of Munich, kanye nabanye ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-xanthohumol inomphumela osobala wokulwa{1}nomdlavuza nezinye izinzuzo.
Imikhiqizo ye-Hop
Indlela evamile yokusebenzisa ama-hops ukufaka ama-hops aphelele lapho i-wort ibilisiwe, futhi izinga lokusebenzisa alikho phezulu kakhulu. Njengamanje, abakhiqizi abaningi basebenzisa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ye-hop.
1. Impova kabhiya
Amahops achotshozwa abe impova kabhiya encane kuno-1mm ngomshini wokugaya, kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo yokwengeza amahops aphelele. Impova kabhiya endaweni yokuxhumana abilayo inkulu, ukudluliswa kokushisa kuhle, ngakho izinga lokusetshenziswa liphezulu. Nokho, kukhona izinzuzo kanye nebubi, indawo enkulu ebusweni impova ubhiya futhi kulula oxidize, kulula ukulahlekelwa.
2. gxuma
Ama-Pellet hops acutshungulwa abe yizinhlayiya ngokungeza izithasiselo ezithile ngesisekelo sempova kabhiya. Lokhu akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwama-hops, kodwa futhi kuvimbele ukukhishwa kwe-oxidation nokulahlekelwa izingxenye ezisebenzayo zama-hops, ukubulala izinyoni ezimbili ngetshe elilodwa. Ngakho-ke, ama-pellet hop njengamanje yimikhiqizo ye-hop esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni.
3. I-Hops extract
Ama-Hops akhipha ngezinyibilikisi eziphilayo ukuze kukhishwe izingxenye ezisebenzayo zama-hops, ekuhwamukeni kwezinyibilikisi zemvelo, ukuze kutholwe inhlaka egxilile. Ubuhle be-hop extract ukuthuthukisa izinga lokusebenzisa -le-asidi, futhi kungaba ukulawula okunembe kakhudlwana komthamo. Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezwe yi-United States neJalimane, okwamanje amabhizinisi kabhiya wasekhaya asebenzisa kakhulu noma izinhlayiya ze-hop.
4. Amahops ahlukahlukene
Ama-hop e-Isomeric ahlukaniswe ama-isomeric hops granules kanye ne-isomeric hops extracts. Ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa -kwe-asidi ebilayo nasekuvubeleni, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa -i-asidi ngama-hops kusengaphambili, bese uyiphatha ibe yizinhlamvana noma ikhiphe, okungathuthukisa kakhulu izinga lokusetshenziswa kwama-hops.
Izinto ezithinta izinga lokusetshenziswa kwama-hops
1. Amandla abilayo e-wort
Ukubilisa okukhulu, kuyanda izinga lokuhlukanisa -lama-acids ku-hops, lapho kutholakala ama-acids amaningi -okungajwayelekile, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwama-hops liyakhuphuka.
2. umoya-mpilo
Ama-Hops abilayo, okuyehlisa okuqukethwe komoyampilo, aguqulelwe ku-iso - izinga lokubola kwe-asidi lincane, izinga lokusebenzisa ama-hops liphezulu.
3. i-pH ye-wort
Uma liphezulu inani le-pH le-wort, kulapho -ama-acids eningi encibilika ku-wort, kulapho -ama-acids enziwa i-isomerized, kanye nezinga lokusetshenziswa kwama-hops liphezulu.
4. ukuhlushwa wort
Uma i-wort iphezulu, izinto ze-polymer zizohlanganiswa nokwakheka kwe-iso -asidi, ukuze i-iso yamahhala -inciphe, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga eliphansi lama-hops. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlushwa kwe-wort akufanele kube phansi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho akusizi ukuvutshelwa kamuva.
5. Inani 5 -le-asidi engeziwe
Lapho inani -le-asidi likhulu kuno-80mg/L, inani -le-asidi laliqhathaniswa ngokuphambene nezinga le-isomerization lezinto ezibabayo. Uma inani elingeziwe liphezulu, liyancipha izinga le-isomerism kanye nezinga lokusebenzisa ama-hops.
Iqhaza lama-hops ekwenzeni ubhiya
Ama-hops afakwa ku-wort uma i-wort ibilisiwe. Kunganikeza ubhiya ukunambitheka okubabayo okuqabulayo kanye nephunga elimnandi eliyingqayizivele, kukhuphule-ikhono lokugqwala likabhiya futhi kuthuthukise ukuzinza kwebhayoloji kabhiya.
Ukunambitheka okubabayo kukabhiya kudalwe ikakhulukazi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-asidi -ne-asidi -ye-asidi eyakheka uma i-wort ibilisiwe. Iphunga lesici libangelwa ikakhulukazi izinhlanganisela ze-oxygen kuwoyela we-hop. I-anti{4}}ikhono lokugqwala likabhiya ikakhulukazi livela ku-resin ethambile kuma-polyphenols. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuzinza kwe-abiotic kabhiya ikakhulukazi kuncike kuma-polyphenols, angasebenzisana namaprotheni ukuze akhe ama-coagulants, angasuswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwe-abiotic kabhiya.
Okwesihlanu, indlela ye-hops yengeza
1. Indlela yokwengeza i-hop ephelele
Umgomo wokwengeza ama-hops umi kanje: lapho kusetshenziswa izimbali ezibabayo nezimbali ezinuka kamnandi, qala wengeze izimbali ezibabayo bese wengeza izimbali ezinuka kamnandi; Sebenzisa amahops afanayo, wengeze amahops amadala kuqala, bese wengeza amahops amasha; Engeza ama-hops ngamaqoqo, uqale kancane bese wengeza amanye.
Ayikho indlela ehlanganisiwe yokwengeza ama-hops. Izimboni zikabhiya zithuthukisa izindlela zokwengeza ezihambisanayo ngokuya ngolwazi lwazo kanye nezici zomkhiqizo. Ngokujwayelekile, ingahlukaniswa-ngendlela eyodwa yokwengeza isikhathi, ezimbili-indlela yokwengeza isikhathi kanye-nendlela yokwengeza izikhathi ezintathu.
1) Ukwengeza okwesibili: Ngokuvamile ama-hops okuqala ayengezwa emizuzwini eyi-10-15 ngemva kokuqala kokubilisa. Engeza ama-hops asele imizuzu engu-10-30 ngaphambi kokuphela kokubilisa.
2) Ukwengezwa kwe-Triple hop: isetshenziswa kakhulu uma i-wort ibilisiwe imizuzu engama-90. Faka ama-hops okuqala emizuzwini emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ngemva kokuba i-wort iqale ukubila, eyesibili igxuma ngemva kwemizuzu engu-30 i-wort iqale ukubila, eyesithathu igxumagxuma emizuzwini emihlanu kuya kweyishumi ngaphambi kokuba i-wort iphele, kanye nama-hop asele. Ukubilisa amahops isikhathi eside kungabangela ukubaba okukhulu, ngakho-ke inani elincane lamabhamuza we-hop lingengezwa ngaphambi kokubiliswa, kodwa hhayi wonke kanyekanye.
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwengeza ama-hops: eyodwa ifakwa ngokuqondile emgodini womgodi; Enye inqubo yokubilisa evaliwe lapho ama-hops engezwa ebhodweni-lokwengeza ibhodwe, bese i-wort evela ebhodweni elibilayo ithululelwa ebhodweni elibilayo.
2. Ukwengeza indlela yemikhiqizo ye-hop
(1) indlela yokwengeza i-hops extract: indlela yokwengeza ama-hops ngokuyisisekelo iyafana, kodwa isikhathi sokwengeza singaphambili kancane.
(2) indlela yokwengeza i-pellet hop: i-pellet hop isisetshenziswa kabanzi, ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye ezisebenzayo ze-hop ye-pellet zincibilika kakhulu kune-hop yonke, futhi ukusetshenziswa nokugcinwa kulula kakhulu kune-hop yonke, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kabanzi endlini yokuphisa utshwala, futhi nenombolo yokwengeza nayo yehlisiwe.
(3) indlela yokwengeza uwoyela we-hop: uwoyela we-hop kufanele uhlakazwe ngotshwala obudliwayo kuqala, bese wengeza.
3. Inani lamahops angeziwe
Inani lama-hops kufanele linqunywe ngokuya -ngokuqukethwe kwe-asidi yama-hops, izintandokazi zabathengi kanye nemikhuba, indlela yokuvutshelwa kukabhiya kanye nohlobo lukabhiya. Inani lamahops angeziwe lingabalwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Okuqukethwe kwe-asidi kuma-hops kusetshenziselwa ukubala inani lamahops angezwe emazweni ngamazwe. Kodwa-ke, indlela yokubala esetshenziswa eShayina kuseyiyona ndlela yendabuko, evezwa ngobuningi bamahops anezelwe nge-cubic meter ye-hot wort, ehlobene ngqo nohlobo lukabhiya. General ubhiya ophaphathekile hop ukunambitheka kanye ababayo, engeza ngaphezulu; Ubhiya obuqinile bususelwa ku-malt -, engeza kancane. Ikhwalithi ye-Hop njengomehluko wekhwalithi yama-hops ungangezwa kancane.
Indlela yokukhipha ama-Hops
Okwamanje, i-organic solvent extraction kanye ne-carbon dioxide extraction izindlela zendabuko zokukhiqiza i-hops extract. Okusho ukuthi, ngokusebenzisa i-organic solvent noma i-CO₂ izoba ama-hops ezingxenyeni ezisebenzayo zokukhipha, bese kuthi ngokuhwamuka kwe-solvent ephilayo futhi igxilwe ekunamathisele.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-CO₂ Supercritical obuthuthukiswe eminyakeni yamuva bunamathemba amahle wokusebenzisa. Ukukhishwa kwe-CO₂ Supercritical ukusetshenziswa kwe-CO2 enanini elibucayi ngaphezu kwezici zokukhishwa kwesifutho engxenyeni encibilikayo yobuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlukanisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yendabuko yokukhipha i-solvent ye-organic, i-supercritical extraction ayinazo izingxenye ezisele eziyingozi, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhipha i-CO₂, izinga lokukhishwa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile liphezulu, ukunambitheka kukabhiya kunamandla, ukunambitheka kungcono, inqubo ingcono.
Isimo samanje semboni ye-hop
Njengamanje, ama-hops ahlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu. Isigaba sokuqala siyimbali enephunga elimnandi, ene-avareji ye-formic acid encishisiwe futhi isivuno siyakhula. Uhlobo lwesibili luyimbali enamakha, isivuno sibonisa ukwehla komkhuba; Isigaba sesithathu yimbali ebabayo ye-formic acid hop box, ukukhiqizwa kwabonisa ukuthambekela okukhulayo, okugqamisa ukunambitheka okubabayo kwe-formic acid. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ze-hop zamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi izimbali ezibabayo nezimbali ezinuka kamnandi zivame ukucacisa.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu be-hop yiJalimane, i-United States, iChina kanye neCzech Republic. Ngokusho kokudalulwa kwe-International Hop Association, ngo-2008 indawo yokutshala i-hop yomhlaba wonke engu-800,000 mu, ukukhiqizwa kwamathani ayi-110,000. Phakathi kwabo, amazwe amathathu aphezulu: eJalimane 262,000 mu, okukhipha amathani angu-39,560, okulinganiselwa ku-32.88%, 35,96%; I-United States 238,000 mu, ukukhiqizwa kwamathani angu-34,580, okubalelwa ku-29.75%, 31.44%; I-China 125,000 mu, ukukhiqizwa kwamathani angu-14,500, okubalelwa ku-15.63%, 13.18% ngokulandelana. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-hop yaseChina akuncane, ukuphuma kwe-hop yaseChina kungokwesithathu emhlabeni. Nakuba isivuno siphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ama-hops ethu nawo ahlanzekile ezinkingeni eziningi:
(1) Okuqukethwe kwe-formic acid kuma-hops bekuncipha ngenxa yohlobo olulodwa.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-hop eShayina izimbali ezibabayo (ikakhulukazi izimbali ezinkulu ze-Qingdao), futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamahops e-formic acid aphezulu kuncane. Ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokutshala kwezithombo zezimbali zikabhiya e-China, okuqukethwe kwe-formic acid kwehlile ngokusobala.
(2) Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ama-hops emuva
Ama-hops e-China atshalwa kakhulu ezifundazweni ze-Xinjiang ne-Gansu, ikakhulukazi emapulazini abuyiselwe futhi ahlakazwe abalimi. Izimo zokucubungula{1}}okuthunyelwe kokuvuna zimbi, okwenza kube nzima ukucubungula nokugcina ama-hops ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi. Ukulahleka kwe-formic acid nezinye izingxenye ezisebenzayo kuma-hops bekusekucutshungulweni kwama-hops. Njengamanje, Kunezinsiza eziningi ze-hop e-China, kodwa eminye imikhiqizo ye-hop, efana ne-hops extract kanye ne-isomeric hops, ayikakhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-hop oil extraction kanye ne-molar acid cishe akunalutho.
