I-Anthocyanin, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-flower pigment,-iwumbala wemvelo oncibilikayo wamanzi ovame ukutholakala emvelweni. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 zama-anthocyanins ezaziwa ngumuntu, kanye nezinhlobo eziyisi-6 ekudleni, njenge-geranium pigment, i-cornflower pigment, i-peony pigment kanye ne-petunia pigment.
Ama-anthocyanins asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokudla ukuze afake imibala ekudleni, kodwa nasezintweni zokubasa, emithini yemithi nezimonyo.
Ama-anthocyanins angamakhemikhali ayigugu esayensi, ane-antioxidant, umbono{0}}wokuvikela,{1}}umdlavuza, kanye nezindawo zokuvikela{2}}zemisebe, futhi ngenxa yalokho adinga ucwaningo oluqhubekayo mayelana nezindlela zawo zokukhipha kanye nokusebenza kwawo embonini yokudla.
01 Anthocyanins ekusetshenzisweni kokudla
Ama-anthocyanins asetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe bombala wokudla, ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezinhle zombala. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ama-anthocyanins atholakale ephumelela hhayi kuphela ekufakeni imibala ekudleni, kodwa futhi nasekuvimbeleni izifo zenhliziyo, izifo zezinzwa, umdlavuza, isifo sikashukela nezinye izifo.
Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokugcinwa, ama-anthocyanins anezidingo eziphezulu ezimweni zemvelo zangaphandle, njengezinga lokushisa, i-pH, ukukhanya, umswakama ngisho ne-oxygen, engathinta ukuzinza kwe-anthocyanins. Ukwengezwa kwama-ion ensimbi, i-whey protein noma ukulungiswa kwe-pH kusixazululo se-anthocyanin kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuzinza kwe-anthocyanins, kanye ne-microencapsulation yama-anthocyanins noma ukungezwa-kombala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-microencapsulation ye-anthocyanins inamandla aqinile okukhipha ama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise umsebenzi wama-enzyme e-antioxidant njenge-superoxide dismutase kanye ne-glutathione peroxidase, engaba nomthelela ekupheleleni okuphelele kwezakhiwo ze-antioxidant zamaseli ngezinga elithile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukise kakhulu izinga lokusinda kwamangqamuzana.
Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe okususelwa kule mpahla yebhayoloji ye-anthocyanins kungaxazulula kakhulu inkinga yokusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukudla. Kuma-microcapsules we-anthocyanins, udonga lwangaphakathi lwama-microcapsules lungadlala indima ethile yokuvikela futhi luthuthukise ngempumelelo ukuqina kwamakhemikhali e-anthocyanins ezindaweni ezahlukene zangaphandle.
02 Izindlela eziyinhloko zokukhipha ama-anthocyanins
2.1 Ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-ultrasonic
Indlela yokukhipha i-Ultrasonic isebenzisa amagagasi e-ultrasonic ukusheshisa ukuqedwa kwezithako ezisebenzayo, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha ama-anthocyanins. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokukhishwa kwe-anthocyanins kumazambane ansomi lifinyelelwe lapho izinga lokushisa ligcinwa ku-60 degree, ukuhlushwa kwe-ethanol kwaba ngu-90% kanti isikhathi sokucubungula sonke sasicishe sibe yihora elingu-1.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokwenza izivivinyo eziningi zokukhipha isizinda, ososayensi bathola ukuthi inqubo ye-ultrasonic yayisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi yayingonakalisi kangako ama-anthocyanins.
2.2 Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhipha I-Microwave
I-Microwave inekhono elinamandla lokungena, futhi i-microwave ingaphinda ikhuthaze ukunyakaza kwe-intermolecular, ukudlala indima ethile ekufudumaleni, ngakho i-microwave{0}}isize ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-microwave ukuze bathuthukise izinga lokukhishwa kwe-anthocyanins kuzinhlamvu zombila onsomi kanye{1}}nomvini wesikhumba onsomi, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-microwave, i-anthocyannin iphakeme kakhulu kunendlela yokukhipha i-anthocyanin ephakeme kakhulu kunendlela evamile yokukhipha.
2.3 Ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha i-solvent ye-Organic
Phakathi kwezinyibilikisi ezikhishwayo ezivamile, i-hydrochloric acid ne-methanol yizincibilikisi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi umphumela wokusebenzisa i-methanol ene-asidi ukuze kukhishwe i-radish anthocyanins nakho muhle kakhulu, ngakho ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha izinyibilikisi zemvelo busetshenziswe ekukhishweni kweningi le-anthocyanin-izinto ezicebile njengembewu yamagilebhisi, amajikijolo aluhlaza kanye namapomegranati.
2.4 Ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha uketshezi oluyi-Supercritical
Ukukhishwa kwe-Supercritical fluid kuyindlela yokukhipha esebenzisa umthelela wezinga lokushisa nokucindezela ekuncibilikeni koketshezi olunamandla kakhulu.
Esimweni esibucayi kakhulu, ngemva kokuba izinto zamakhemikhali okufanele zihlukaniswe zihlangane noketshezi olubaluleke kakhulu, izinto zamakhemikhali zikhishwa ngokushintshana ngokobukhulu bazo obusendaweni ezungezile, isisindo samangqamuzana kanye nephuzu elibilayo. Le ndlela yokukhipha inezinzuzo zezinga eliphezulu lokukhipha, azikho izinsalela ze-solvent kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi ukuze kukhishwe.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezimpawu ze-polar zama-anthocyanins ngokwawo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukucindezela kanye nokuthunyelwa kwe-solvent ye-organic ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, futhi ukuhlanzeka kwama-anthocyanins akhishwe ukukhishwa kwe-supercritical fluid kwakungu-97.82%.
Ngokuvamile, phakathi kwamasu okukhipha angenhla, ukukhishwa kwe-solvent kulula ukusebenza, kodwa ekusebenzeni, kunezinkinga zesikhathi eside sokukhipha, ukusetshenziswa kwe-solvent enkulu kanye nokungcola okuthile endaweni yangaphandle. Ngokuphambene, amasu e-ultrasonic nama-microwave asebenza kahle kakhulu, nakuba adinga imishini yokuhlola ephakeme.
03 Izicelo ezisebenzayo embonini yokudla
Embonini yezokudla, abakhiqizi bavame ukwengeza umbala ukuze bakhulise umbala kanye nezinzwa zokudla. Ngaphakathi kobubanzi bemithetho yokuphepha kokudla, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kombala wokudla we-anthocyanin wemvelo kuvunyelwe: umbala we-sweet potato onsomi, umbala we-mulberry, umbala wombila onsomi, umbala we-kale, umbala wesikhumba sesitshalo seqanda, umbala wesikhumba samagilebhisi, nombala wamajikijolo, phakathi kokunye.
Enqubweni yangempela yokukhiqiza, ama-anthocyanins ayimibala yemvelo enokuphepha okuphezulu, evame ukusetshenziswa ewayinini, ekudleni nasesiphuzweni, kujamu, kumaswidi nakuzo zonke izinhlobo zokudla, enikeza ukudla ijazi elihle elihlukahlukene, futhi ngaphezu kokunikeza ukudla imibala egqamile, ama-anthocyanins anganikeza{0}}inani eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo.
Isibonelo, e-United States naseYurophu, iziphuzo zezempilo ezixutshiwe ezenziwe ngama-lingonberry nezinye izithelo zidume kakhulu kubathengi-abadala nasebekhulile, futhi inzuzo eqondile yezomnotho yeziphuzo zezempilo ze-anthocyanin ezisetshenziswa e-Europe nase-United States zingamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngonyaka. Izinzuzo eziqondile zezomnotho zeziphuzo zezempilo ze-anthocyanin ezisetshenziswa e-Europe nase-United States zingamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 ngonyaka, futhi ukuthengiswa kweziphuzo zezempilo ze-anthocyanin kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule ngokushesha emhlabeni wonke ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo{3}}lolwemisebenzi yezempilo yama-anthocyanins. Eminyakeni yakamuva, ngokuqwashisa kwethu ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo kuzwelonke kanye namanzi aphilayo ukuze sizuze ukufundisa okuluhlaza; ukwethulwa kwesiko lebhizinisi, ukuqeqeshwa kwethalente ekuhlanganisweni nokwakhiwa kwesisekelo sokuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo.
