Izilondolozi zezitshalo
Izivimbelakuvunda zezitshalo zitholakala kakhulu ezingxenyeni zezitshalo, njengamanye amakhambi emvelo nezinongo kanye namafutha abalulekile ezitshalo. Izitshalo zezitshalo kanye namafutha abalulekile sekuyisikhathi eside zisetshenziswa njengezilondolozi zokudla, ama-condiments kanye namalungiselelo ezokwelapha ngenxa yokunambitheka okuyingqayizivele kanye nemiphumela elwa namagciwane kanye ne-antiseptic.
Izitshalo zezitshalo zivame ukutholakala ezimpandeni, iziqu, amaqabunga, izimbali, izithelo, amagxolo nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo. Okunye okukhishiwe kunokunambitheka okuqinile futhi kuzodala ukungakhululeki kwezinzwa ekugxilweni okuphezulu, ngakho-ke kunemikhawulo ethile ekusetshenzisweni kwazo. Izinguquko zekhwalithi nenani lokuqukethwe kwe-bioactive phytochemicals ezikhishwe ezitshalweni zizothinta ukusebenza kwazo. Lawa ma-phytohormones aphinde athinte inombolo, ukunambitheka kanye nokunambitheka kwama-microorganisms ekudleni. Ngenxa yokuthi iqukethe izingxenye ezithile ze-phytochemical, izitshalo zezitshalo zinomsebenzi othile we-antibacterial. Izitshalo zezitshalo ezitholakala emakhambi, izinongo, imifino nezithelo zinemiphumela elwa namagciwane kubhaktheriya, imvubelo kanye nesikhunta. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi okukhishwe kwezitshalo kungavimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukukhula kwamagciwane atholakala ekudleni.
Izitshalo zezitshalo zicebile kuma-antioxidants emvelo. Ama-Antioxidants ayizithasiselo ezingabambezela noma uvimbele ukudla ekushibhileni ngenxa ye-oxidation futhi andise impilo yeshalofu yokudla. Ama-antioxidants amaningi ezitshalo akhombisa imiphumela yokuvikela efana ne-butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) kanye ne-butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Izinhlobonhlobo zemifino nezithelo zingasetshenziswa njengomthombo obalulekile wama-antioxidants wemvelo ukuqinisa nokuzinza kokudla.
Amafutha abalulekile (EO) uketshezi olunephunga elimnandi noluguquguqukayo olutholakala kumakhambi emvelo nezinongo. Iqukethe inani elikhulu lama-metabolites esibili futhi ingabambezela noma ivimbele ukukhula kwamagciwane, imvubelo kanye nesikhunta. Embonini yokudla, uwoyela obalulekile usetshenziswa ikakhulukazi njenge-ejenti yesinongo. Ngoba amafutha amaningi abalulekile anobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe bokukhipha, umphumela onamandla wokulwa namagciwane,{3}okungenabo ubuthi futhi awanangozi, agqama njengama-antibacterial emvelo ekongiweni kokudla.
Izilondolozi zezilwane
Izilondolozi zezilwane zibhekisela ezintweni eziphilayo ezinomphumela obulala amagciwane okhishwe ngokwenziwa ezilwaneni ezithile noma kuma-metabolite azo. Ngokwezigaba zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa ama-enzyme e-antibacterial, ama-peptide e-antibacterial kanye nama-peptide e-antioxidant.
Ama-Enzymes angakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi we-antibacterial ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Isibonelo, i-lysozyme namanye ama-enzyme e-antibacterial anomsebenzi we-antibacterial ngokudala ukubola kwama-polymers angaphezulu kweseli noma izindonga zamangqamuzana nokudanga ukubola kwebhaktheriya; I-Lactoperoxidase (LPO) nezinye izinhlelo ze-peroxidase zidlala indima elwa namagciwane ngokusebenzisa i-catalytic oxidation.
I-Lysozyme isetshenziswa kabanzi ekulondolozeni inyama, imikhiqizo yenyama, inhlanzi nemikhiqizo yayo, ubisi nemikhiqizo yobisi, izithelo nemifino, futhi ingavimbela ukonakala kokudla kanye nokuguga kwezithelo. I-Lysozyme ibonise umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene nohlu oluthile lwamagciwane kanye nesikhunta, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-Gram-ibhaktheriya elihle.
I-Antimicrobial peptides (AMPS) inomsebenzi obanzi-wokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene namagciwane, isikhunta, i-protozoa namanye amagciwane. Zingahlukaniswa nezitshalo, izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans, izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ama-peptide e-antimicrobial atholakala ezilwaneni ikakhulukazi avela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, ezihlala emanzini nasezweni nasezinhlanzini. Ezinye izidakamizwa ezingase zithathwe ezilwaneni ezilwa namagciwane zihlanganisa i-lactoferrin, i-protamine ne-chitosan. I-Lactoferrin inamandla okubopha insimbi kanye nezakhiwo ze-polycationic, ngakho inomsebenzi we-antibacterial. Itholakala kakhulu obisini nakwezinye izimfihlo zezilwane; I-Protamine iyi-peptide ye-cationic antibacterial, engavimbela ukwakheka kodonga lwamaseli, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele i-cell metabolism futhi ibangele ukufa kwamangqamuzana. Inomsebenzi we-antibacterial ngokumelene namagciwane kanye nezisikhunta, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene ne-Gram{7}}ibhaktheriya elihle; I-Chitosan itholakala kakhulu ku-exoskeleton yama-crustaceans nama-arthropods. Inomsebenzi we-antibacterial ngokumelene nama-bacteria, isikhunta nama-virus.
Ama-preservatives ama-microorganisms kanye nama-metabolites awo
Izinhlanganisela eziningi ezikhiqizwa amabhaktheriya zingavimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane abolayo noma ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic ekudleni. Ama-microorganisms ebanga lokudla angakha inani elikhulu lezinto ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamanye ama-microorganisms, ukuze kuzuzwe ibhalansi yemvelo ye-microbial ecosystem.
Amagciwane e-Lactic acid (Lab) kuma-microorganisms anamandla okuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane futhi angamakhandidethi alungile. Ekukhiqizeni ukudla okuvutshiwe, amagciwane e-lactic acid asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukunambitheka, ukunambitheka nokuthungwa kokudla, futhi angavimbela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms we-pathogenic ngaphandle kokulimala. Izingxenye ezilwa namagciwane zelebhu ikakhulukazi zifaka i-bacteriocin, i-organic acid, i-hydrogen peroxide, i-carbon dioxide ne-diacetyl. I-Bacteriocin iyisilondolozi semvelo noma isilondolozi sebhayoloji esakhiwe ilebhu nezinye izinhlobo. Inomphumela omuhle we-bactericidal noma we-bacteriostatic kumabhaktheriya e-pathogenic atholakala ekudleni njenge-Staphylococcus aureus.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bacteriocin ingasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa namanye ama-antibacterial compounds ukuthuthukisa ukungasebenzi kwamagciwane. I-Bacteriocin ingasetshenziswa ekufakweni kwe-bioactive. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi bazibophezele ekungezeni i-bacteriocin efilimini yokupakisha ukudla ukulawula ukukhula kwamagciwane okudla. Ifilimu yokupakisha elwa namagciwane ukuvimbela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms endaweni yokudla ngokuthinta impahla yokupakisha ngendawo yokudla.
Ngaphezu kwemithi yemvelo yemvelo ekhona, izithasiselo zezilwane noma ze-microbial, kunezinye izilondolozi zokudla zemvelo ezintsha ezitholakalayo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezilondolozi zemvelo eziphephile, ezinokwethenjelwa, eziphansi{1}}nezindleko ezisebenzayo akusona nje inkomba yocwaningo eyinhloko yokuthuthukiswa kweSayensi Yokudla eShayina, kodwa futhi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwemboni yokudla.
